For thousands of years, humans dreamed of flying, but it needed specific tools, techniques, and materials to make it feasible.
It required aeronautical engineering.
Since machines gave humans the ability to fly, we've been able to do some incredible feats.
In less time than it takes to drive across LA County, astronauts reached the Moon, yet my direct trip from LA to Missoula takes less time than it takes to traverse the Atlantic by boat.
We've been able to accomplish these goals thanks to aeronautical engineering, a profession dedicated to the design and construction of flying devices.
Aeronautical engineering and astronautical engineering are the two primary branches.
Aeronautical engineering is concerned with the development of aircraft such as gliders, jets, and helicopters, whereas astronautical engineering is concerned with the development of spacecraft such as probes, satellites, and spaceships.
Both fields advanced dramatically in the twentieth century, owing in part to the Cold War confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union.
This competition resulted in the race to land on the Moon, as well as advances in jet propulsion, radar, materials science, and many other fields.
Nations compete now, but so do private companies
and the objective isn't simply to return to the Moon, but to reach Mars. It's not just a catchy headline.
If the Space Race taught us anything, it's that rivalry spurs invention.
SpaceX, a rocket business, wants to transport people to Mars as soon as 2024, and it will require a lot of innovation.
However, whether you're launching people into space or simply flying around in the atmosphere, you'll need to understand some fundamental flying concepts.
The most fundamental kind of lift is buoyancy, which is essential for atmospheric flight.
Buoyancy works because the atmosphere contains a pressure gradient, which means that the air pressure goes a little bit lower for every little bit higher you go.
A slight upward force is created by the difference in pressures, which may push an item up if it's light enough
—
lift! that's
This technique is used in the first form of flying, hot air balloons. Because it is lighter than the surrounding cooler air, that large ball of hot air is pushed up and drags its passenger along for the journey.
If you want your balloon to be stationary, or in equilibrium as engineers describe it, the total of the forces must equal zero.
That means the force of gravity dragging the balloon – and the gas within
downward must precisely match the force of the pressure gradient pushing up.
However, balloons are impracticable for the majority of uses.
Because they are so reliant on their surroundings, factors like shifting weather conditions might make it difficult to properly guide or even land one.
A propulsion system, or anything that propels you forward, is required to fly more successfully.
A propulsion system typically consists of a power source and a propulsion, which converts power into forward motion.
You'll employ one of three propulsion systems as an aeronautical engineer: a heat engine with fuel, an electric motor with batteries, or an electric motor with solar cells.
With any of these systems, the aim is to create enough push to overcome the aircraft's drag.
To avoid burning a hole in your budget, commercial jets with a lot of constant travel should keep their engine efficiency high and their fuel consumption low.
When it comes to a fighter jet, when speed is critical, you'll need greater thrust to accelerate rapidly, which means engine efficiency may suffer.
The jet engine, which has five main components: an intake, compressor, burner, turbine, and nozzle, is used in most modern planes.
The compressor receives air from the input, which is supplied into the engine.
Before entering the burner, the compressor raises the pressure of the incoming air.
The high-
pressure air is blended with gasoline and burnt at this step of the engine.
This produces hot exhaust gas, which is used to power a turbine, which generates thrust as the air passes through the nozzle.
Now, there are a few crucial points to consider.
You must have a solid intake that can perform properly, which means it must be capable of bringing in enough air to the compressor for the duration of your aircraft's flight.
Your compressor can handle drawing air into the engine at low speeds, but at higher speeds, a suitable inlet design allows you to maneuver more freely without disturbing the air flow to the compressor.
You should also use materials that can tolerate a lot of heat when designing your engine.
The blades of your turbine, for example, may reach temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius.
You'll need to manufacture them out of special heat-
resistant metals, such as a nickel-
based super alloy, or install a
cooling system to keep the blades cool.
If you want to keep them cool, you'll need a hollow design that allows you to pump cold air into the blades and out via microscopic holes on their surface.
Put it all together, and make sure you have a nice propulser nozzle, and you've got yourself a good propulsion system.
Now, it will get you very far on Earth, but if you want to travel to space, you'll have to cope with a whole other set of obstacles.
And the largest of them all is you.
You could believe that technical limits are preventing us from traveling to the stars, and you'd be right.
However, the human body's inability to adapt to the difficulties of deep space will be your biggest problem.
You'll need to develop spacecraft that can replicate an Earth-
like environment because our bodies can't just turn a switch and adapt.
Some components, such as providing a breathing environment, are quite simple.
Others, like as coping with weightlessness, are far more difficult.
Artificial gravity is one thing we don't have yet.
Gravity has an impact on everything from bone and muscle formation to how efficiently your heart pumps blood throughout your body.
After only a few days in space without it, astronauts endure difficulties like as weakened muscles and blurred eyesight.
One technique to cope with this, at least theoretically, is to use the apparent centrifugal force to produce a spinning spaceship.
In a similar fashion to how water stays in a quickly rotating bucket, this might successfully replicate gravity.
Radiation in space can raise the risk of cancer in the crew and possibly harm the spacecraft.
Long-
term radiation exposure can harm onboard electronics, producing short circuits and memory corruption.
So, if you don't want your design to be fried in space, make it strong enough to withstand the radiation.
Using insulating materials instead of silicon for computer processors will help.
Designing circuits with exterior shielding comprised of materials like lead would also help.
That will increase the total size of your system, so keep that in mind as well.
And that's just the vastness of space.
When it comes to dealing with the atmospheres of other planets, there's even more to think about.
Take a look at Mars, where the atmosphere is roughly 1% as thick as Earth's and the temperature fluctuates from -125°C in the winter to around 20°C in the summer — all of which your ideas must be able to withstand if we ever expect to go there or even live there.
However, before attempting to colonize another planet, it's a good idea to start with a simpler mission, such as creating a satellite without the complications of need an astronaut on board.
The payload, the bus, and the launcher are the three basic components of satellites.
All of the equipment that performs the satellite's primary activities, such as receiving telecommunications or processing and sending data, is referred to as the payload.
The "bus" refers to the systems and structures that give power, protection, stability, and orbital control to the payload, allowing it to complete its mission.
The launcher, also known as the launch vehicle adapter assembly, is the link between the satellite's bus and the rocket that propels it into orbit.
The design of your satellite must incorporate all of these elements.
And you'd best double-
check your arithmetic, because a small calculation error might have disastrous consequences, both in terms of human life and the cost of all your equipment.
NASA lost a 125 million dollar Mars orbiter at the turn of the 2000 due to a mix-
up of modules. The orbiter's calculations were thrown off because NASA used metric values while the manufacturer used English ones, leading it to burn up in the Martian atmosphere.
There's one more type of spaceship you could have to create: a spacesuit.
A spacesuit, you see, isn't simply a pair of clothes you wear in space; it's also a human-
sized ship!It keeps astronauts from becoming too hot or chilly, gives them oxygen to breathe, and even stores drinking water.
They also wear gold-
lined visors to protect their eyes from the harsh brightness of space.
The tough exterior of the suit also protects against space dust, which can be extremely dangerous when moving faster than a speeding bullet.
However, you can't make the suit too bulky because astronauts need to be able to move about freely.
Because the food options are a little more limited up there, conserving energy is also important.
That's why, like NASA's Z-
2 advanced prototype, engineers are constantly working to improve spacesuit designs.
The Z-
2 employs modern materials to create a lightweight, extremely durable suit capable of enduring long-
duration missions in severe settings such as those encountered on Mars.
Whoever wants to go to Mars, whether it's SpaceX, NASA, or someone else, will require spacesuits like these.
as well as a good spaceship
However, with the correct engineering methods and a little luck, humans may one day become a multiplanetary species.
Today, we learned everything there is to know about aerospace engineering and its two main branches: aeronautical and astronautical engineering.
We used the concepts of lift and buoyancy to study flight and discovered that a propulsion system is more efficient than a hot air balloon.
Then we learnt how one of the largest issues that aerospace engineers confront is controlling the human body in space.
Finally, we studied about the components of a decent spacesuit.
The next time we chat about computer engineering, I'll see you.
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