Summary:
4G is a mobile network that is used to make calls, send messages, and access the web all over the world.
Now, 4G is being phased out in favor of 5G, a new, faster network with the potential to revolutionize the internet.
5G is a software
-
that
might completely eliminate the need for wires.
This implies it will have 100 times the capacity of 4G, significantly improving internet speeds.
Response times will be significantly faster as well.
In slightly under 50 milliseconds, the 4G network answers to our instructions.
It will take about one millisecond with 5G, which is 400 times quicker than blinking.
However, in terms of worldwide mobile connectivity, it will still trail behind 4G and 3G.
According to some observers, the high construction and operating expenses will compel operators to share the usage and administration of the mobile network.
The National Security Council's report to the White House, which was leaked, urged for a nationalized 5G network.
According to some estimates, 5G will account for nearly half of all mobile connections in the United States by 2025.
When 5G becomes widely available, it may alter how we access the internet at home and at work, with the wireless network replacing the present system of phone lines and cables.
All About 5G:
A website that teaches you how to think like an engineer when solving problems.
Okay, I didn't expect I'd have to write this blog, but people are destroying valuable infrastructure in the name of their health.
I'm sure you've heard all of the ridiculous theories.
The immune system is being weakened by 5G towers, which is triggering a global epidemic.
5G is linked to cancer.
The lizard people have power of 5G's thoughts.
I don't think I'll be able to persuade many of the lunatics who believe these things, so I'm not going to attempt, but let's look at what 5G is, how it works, and some of the genuine issues it faces.
Today, we'll learn some fascinating facts about data transmission science and how our ability to send data over the air has progressed over the last four decades.
Hopefully, we can persuade a few of the folks on the fence to join us on the side of the process where the logical people live.
For hundreds of years, we've used different wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation to transfer data.
Signal fires were used in ancient Greece to send visible light messages.
Today, we use fiber optic lines to deliver light
-
based
messages. These cables can carry massive amounts of data and are the backbone of the internet, but we can't connect all of our devices to them because many of them need to be wireless.
Cellular networks had to be established to enable wireless data transfer, and it all began in Japan in 1979 with the first generation cellular network, today known as 1G.
It all started in Tokyo, where high - powered radio towers communicated directly with automobile phones.
These towers employed radio waves with frequencies that were close to here on the electromagnetic spectrum to convey data in an analog format.
Let's look at how analog data can be sent over a carrier frequency.
Let's say we wish to send this sound wave, a simple 100 Hertz sine wave.
We wish to use it on an 850 MHz wave, which has a much higher frequency.
We can use amplitude modulation or frequency modulation to accomplish this.
AM and FM are two different radio stations.
You've probably heard of these terms before when it comes to radio stations.
AM applies the data to the carrier frequency's amplitude, causing the carrier frequency's amplitude to vary, thus tracing the original wave's peaks and troughs.
FM, on the other hand, applies the data to the carrier wave's frequency.
To trace the original wave, change the distance between peaks.
A designated frequency band, defined by the lowest and highest frequencies used, is required to transmit a call using this method.
If another user on the same tower is utilizing that frequency band, you must utilize an alternative frequency band.
The higher the number of frequencies, the more calls the tower can handle.
This is the concept of bandwidth.
The system's capabilities were continually pushed as the number of users increased.
Adding extra frequencies to increase bandwidth is an option, but it comes with its own set of challenges.
Licenses are required for frequencies, and there is a lot of rivalry.
Weather radar, military communication and security systems, GPS, television transmissions, radio stations, radio astronomy, aviation systems, and air traffic control are all examples of these technologies.
All of them require their own frequency bands.
Companies were frequently forced to go to auction in order to get new frequency bands, which required a significant capital expenditure.
With each new generation of cell network, this was done.
However, throughout time, much has been done to squeeze more data onto a single frequency range.
It may be as simple as raising the number of towers to increase the number of users who may use the same frequency band.
-
t
owers might be utilized instead of a single high
-
tower to cover a whole city.
Individual customers might then be assigned to frequency bands within the range of each tower without interfering with the same band in neighboring cells.
Although this increased the number of users that networks could accommodate, it had no effect on data transfer rates.
It's at its best
Although 1G was capable of 2.4 kilobits per second, characterizing it in bits per second is counterintuitive since, as previously stated, it operated in analog mode.
Digital data was measured in bits.
With the launch of a fully digital technology, 2G ushered in a new era of mobile phones.
We encoded binary data instead of an analog signal into a frequency band.
If you're like me, you've never used a cellular network before.
This was my very first phone.
Nokia's iconic 3310.
Sure, it could make phone calls, but digital data opened up a whole new world of communication.
This was the time when a new language emerged.
Text has the ability to communicate.
A nonsensical language devised to stay under the 160
-
limit and avoid being charged for two texts by your mobile network operator.
Each character in that 160
-
paragraph was encoded with 7 bits in English.
As a result, a 160
-
has 1120 bits.
When 2G was first released, it had a bit rate of 9.6 kbps per second.
That 1120
-
xt
message would be no problem for it.
However, because to enhanced internet protocols like General Packet Radio Switching or GPRS, commonly referred to as 2.5G, the 2G period lasted right up to the sale of the first iPhone, when speeds had climbed to 200 kilobits/second.
3G has become the new hot subject by the time the iPhone 2 was released.
Companies in Europe alone are expected to have paid over 100 billion dollars in auctions to secure new frequencies as a result of 3G.
However, 3G also transitioned to a system that fully leveraged the data packet switching mechanism used by GPRS.
Thousands of users were able to share several different frequency bands significantly more efficiently because to packet switching.
The data was divided into tiny data packets in this case.
Each data packet has a header that specifies the destination's address as well as instructions on how to reassemble the data packets.
We were able to make greater use of the frequency bands available by breaking the data down into smaller bite
-
portions.
We could split the data into small parts and send it across many different frequency bands the instant a modest availability arose, rather than trying to discover a wide gap of availability on a single frequency band.
As an example, instead of sending a large truckload of data down a single road, hundreds of motorbike messengers may be dispatched along the roads with the least traffic.
This allowed us to make better use of the frequency bands' capacity and carry more data.
These protocols developed throughout time, allowing for even more efficient bandwidth utilization.
HSPA (High Speed Packet Access), which you've probably seen represented on your phone as an H+, was introduced in 2005, allowing for rates of up to 42 MBPS.
It was labeled as 3.5G.
Long Term Evolution, or LTE, was introduced with 4G, and it included even more frequency bands, such as the 700 MHz band, which was formerly utilized for analog TV broadcasts.
It also introduced Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, or OFDM, a novel means of cramming more data into existing frequency channels.
We were able to convey a lot more data using OFDM.
The concepts of constructive and destructive interference are presumably familiar to you.
When two waves collide, they can either boost or cancel out each other's amplitude.
To avoid interference, transmissions were historically spread out over time, but OFDM allowed the signals to be pressed together and overlapped, allowing the same amount of data to be carried in a shorter amount of time.
When the signals came, they were decoded and transformed back to binary data.
How?
I'm not sure.
It's either magic or math.
To be honest, the fact that we can watch HD movies on our phones without a connected connection should seem miraculous to most people.
It has progressed to the point where we are unable to boost speeds without adding additional frequency bands. Because there aren't many available, network providers are now raiding the bargain bin and removing frequencies that no one wants to use.
Millimeter waves at a higher frequency.
Higher frequency waves have always been avoided in these applications.
High
-
waves
aren't as good at traveling as low
-
frequency waves.
Think
of them as visible light that gets obstructed by almost everything, even r
ain.
You can't see it unless you have a direct line of sight with a torch.
To address this, network operators will need to deploy a large number of transmitters.
According to studies, roughly 13 million utility pole mounted 28 GHz base stations at a cost of $400 billion would be required to deliver 100 Mbps download speeds to 72 percent of the population and 1 Gbps speeds to 55 percent of the population in the United States.
Although having this many base stations would assist ease congestion on a single frequency band, 5G will also use a technique known as huge mimo.
Alternatively, a large multiple input multiple output system.
Basically, these are merely clusters of antennas that listen to and broadcast the same frequency ranges.
This would create interference, but 5G plans to employ beamforming, which allows the antenna to focus the signal toward your phone rather than broadcasting it in all directions.
This, along with the fact that higher frequency waves can transport more data, implies that 5G in the United States can achieve rates of up to 1800 Mbps.
Because we are encoding our information into the wave cycles, higher frequencies can convey more information.
The hertz unit of measurement for frequency is 1 hz, which indicates 1 wave cycle is reaching us each second, and 10 hertz implies 10 wave cycles are reaching us per second.
190 Megahertz denotes the arrival of 190 million wave cycles per second.
We can encode more information into higher frequency waves because we are encoding our information into wave cycles.
We've been utilizing frequencies between 700 MHz and 2500 MHz up until now.
So it goes from 700 million to 2500 million wave cycles per second.
5G, on the other hand, plans to utilize frequencies up to 90 gigahertz.
This works out to 90 billion wave cycles each second.
This is a significant improvement.
Higher download rates and decreased latency will be possible with 5G.
This will be important for time
-
like self
-
which
require quick communication between vehicles in the network and the ability to add even more gadgets.
To make the internet of things a reality.
5G holds a lot of promise, and it isn't hazardous.
Gamma radiation, which has a very high frequency and small wavelength, begins on the far left of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Higher energy is associated with higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths, and gamma radiation does cause cancer.
Ionizing radiation is the only thing you need to be concerned about over here.
It takes away electrons and destroys things like your DNA, although 5G is running at lower energy frequencies.
Yes, past visible light, which no one seems to be frightened of at the moment.
Yes, high
-
This is the only non
-
e found that really makes sense.
The military also utilized high
-
powered 95 GHz
beams in its active denial system, giving the impression that someone had suddenly opened an oven door in front of their face, which might burn individuals if exposed for long enough.
It's unsettling and was designed to disperse people.
This was effectively a concentrated beam of 95 GHz light, similar to a giant magnifying glass focused on a sheet of paper to burn it.
Because, much like visible light, these wavelengths may induce heating when employed at high enough power and intensity.
As we previously stated, rain blocks these frequencies, so they can't penetrate your skin, and these transmitters simply don't have the capacity to produce harmful warmth.
They are just too low in power, and several studies have demonstrated that they are not hazardous.
If you're scared of 5G in this sense, you should be scared of streetlights, which produce greater energy frequencies.
Everyday technology like these might appear to be magical until you peel back the layers to realize that they are just the result of many years of problem solving, with each generation adding more complexity.
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