Operating system(OS)
What does operating system means?
An operating system (OS) is software that controls computer hardware and software resources, as well as providing common functions to computer applications.
Time/sharing operating systems plan activities to make the most of the system's resources, and they may also contain accounting software for cost allocation of processor time, storage, printing, and other resources.
Although application code is normally performed directly by the hardware and frequently makes system calls to an OS function or is halted by it, the operating system acts as an intermediate between programmers
and the computer hardware for hardware operations such as input and output and memory allocation.From cellular phones and video game consoles to web servers and supercomputers, operating systems are present on many devices that incorporate a computer.
Microsoft Windows is the most popular general/purpose desktop operating system, with a market share of roughly 76.45%.
Apple Inc.'s macOS is in second position (17.72 percent), while various Linux distributions are in third position (1.73 percent ).
Android's market share in the mobile industry (which includes smartphones and tablets) is expected to reach 72 percent by 2020.
According to third/quarter 2016 data, Android has a market share of 87.5 percent on smartphones, with a growth rate of 10.3 percent each year, followed by Apple's iOS at 12.1 percent, with a 5.2 percent year.over.year loss in market share, and other operating systems at 0.3 percent.
The server and supercomputing industries are dominated by Linux distributions.
For many purposes, further specialized types of operating systems (special.purpose operating systems) exist, such as embedded and real/time systems.
Security/oriented operating systems are also available.
Low system requirements are found in several operating systems (e.g. light/weight Linux distribution).
O
thers could have more stringent system requirements.
Some operating systems need installation or may come pre/installed with new computers (OEM/installation), while others may be run straight from media (such as a live CD) or flash memory (i.e. USB stick).How many operating systems are there?
Your phone, PC, or other mobile devices such as a tablet are most likely running one of these five OS types.
Best windows operating systems.
10 Best Operating Systems in Market Comparison Of The Top Operating Systems.
#1) MS-Windows
#2) Ubuntu
#3) Mac OS
#4) Fedora
#5) Solaris
#6) Free BSD
#7) Chrome OS
#8) CentOS
#9) Debian
#10) Deepin
Types of operating systems
There are Total 6 Types of OS:
1.Single- and multi-user
2.Distributed
3.Templated
4.Embedded
5.Real-time
6.Library
History OF OS
Basic operating system features, such as resident monitor functions that could automatically run different programmers in succession to speed up processing, were developed in the 1950s.
Until the early 1960s, operating systems did not exist in their modern, more complex forms.
Hardware features such as runtime libraries, interrupts, and parallel processing were added.
When personal computers became popular in the 1980s, operating systems were developed for them that were similar to those used on larger computers in concept.
The first electronic digital systems did not have operating systems in the 1940s.
At the time, electronic systems were programmed using rows of mechanical switches or jumper wires on plugboards.
These were specialist systems that, for example, created military ballistics tables or controlled the production of payroll checks using data from punched paper cards.
Machine languages (strings of binary numbers 0 and 1 on punched paper tape) were developed with the invention of programmable general/purpose computers, which speed up the programming process (Stern, 1981).
A computer could only run one software at a time in the early 1950s.
Each user had exclusive access to the computer for a set amount of time and would show up at a certain time with their software and data on punched paper cards or punched tape.
The software would be put into the machine, which would then be set to run until the software finished or crashed.
Toggle switches and panel lights were commonly used to debug programmers on a front panel.
On the early Manchester Mark 1 machine, Alan Turing was considered to be a master at this and he was already deriving the rudimentary notion of an operating system from the concepts of the universal Turing computer.
Later computers had programmer libraries that could be linked to a user's application to help with tasks like input and output, compilation, and so on (generating machine code from human-readable symbolic code).
The current operating system was born from this.
Machines, on the other hand, continued to perform one task at a time.
The job queue at Cambridge University in England used to be a laundry line (clothesline) from which tapes with various colors clothes pegs were hung to signify task priority.
The Atlas Supervisor was a step forward.
Many believe it to be the first recognized contemporary operating system, having debuted with the Manchester Atlas in 1962.
It was dubbed "the most significant advance in the history of operating systems" by Per Brinch Hansen.
Examples of operating Systems
Unix was created in assembly code at first.
Based on his experience with the MULTICS project, Ken Thompson created B, which is mostly based on BCPL.
B was replaced by C, and Unix, which was rebuilt in C, grew into a huge, interconnected family of operating systems that has influenced every current operating system.
BSD and its descendants
The Berkeley Software Distribution family, which includes FreeBSD, NetBSD, and OpenBSD, is a subset of the Unix family.
Although they may also be used on personal computers, these operating systems are most typically seen on webservers.
Many of the protocols presently frequently used by computers to connect, send, and receive data across a network were widely developed and developed in BSD, and as a result, the Internet owes a large part of its existence to BSD.
The World Wide Web was originally exhibited on a set of computers running NEXTSTEP, a BSD-based operating system.
Apple Inc. developed, marketed, and sold macOS (previously "Mac OS X" and later "OS X"), a range of open core graphical operating systems, the most recent of which is pre-loaded on all presently selling Macintosh computers.
macOS is the successor of Apple's first operating system, Mac OS, which has been in use since 1984.
Unlike its predecessor, macOS is a UNIX operating system based on technologies created at NeXT through the second half of the 1980s and until the firm was bought by Apple in early 1997.
The operating system was initially published as Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, followed by a client version in March 2001. (Mac OS X v10.0 "Cheetah").
Linux
Linus Torvalds began developing the Linux kernel as a university student in Finland in 1991.
He announced his idea on a forum for computer students and programmers, and he received help and support from volunteers who helped him create a complete and working kernel.
Unlike BSD and its derivatives, Linux is Unix...
like but was built without any Unix code.
The Linux kernel code is available for study and modification due to its open Source model, which has led to its adoption on a broad range of computing machines, from supercomputers to smart watches.
Despite the fact that Linux is only Utilize on 1.82 percent of all "desktop" (or laptop) PCs.Microsoft Windows
Microsoft Windows is a collection of proprietary operating systems developed by Microsoft Corporation, principally for Intel architecture-based computers, with an estimated 88.9% overall user share on Web/connected machines.
Windows 10 is the most recent version.
In 2011, Windows 7 surpassed Windows XP as the most widely used operating system.
Microsoft Windows was initially published in 1985 as an operating system built on top of MS/DOS, which was the main operating system for most Intel...based personal computers at the time.
Other
Many operating systems, such as AmigaOS, OS/2 from IBM and Microsoft, old Mac OS, the non...Unix predecessor of Apple's macOS, BeOS, XTS/300, RISC OS, MorphOS, Haiku, BareMetal, and FreeMint, were important in their day but are no longer so.
Some of them are being utilised in niche markets and are being developed as niche platforms for enthusiast communities and specialty applications.
VMS Software Inc. is still actively developing OpenVMS, which was formerly developed by DEC.
Other operating systems, on the other hand, are virtually exclusively utilize in academia for operating system instruction or research.
Indeed its a good piece of knowledge.
ReplyDeleteSome other topics related to Operating System can also be included to make it worth reading like working of kernel, scheduling, environment manipulation, etc.
Good Luck!
-Nishant ◉_◉
Thanks for your kind words, Nishant Kumar. We're so happy to hear you love the Article.
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